FINAL WORD
The real vulnerability lies in traditional asymmetric cryptography – RSA and ECC – which quantum computers can break using Shor’ s algorithm. Organisations must prioritise replacing these systems rather than strengthening symmetric encryption.
1. Post-Quantum Key Agreement
Key agreement is urgent because it prevents harvest-now / decrypt-later attacks. Today’ s TLS handshakes rely on X25519, which collapses under quantum attack. Post-quantum methods like ML- KEM can be integrated into existing systems with minimal disruption. Cloudflare already protects about half its traffic using hybridfully post-quantum key exchange methods, and all major browsers now support PQC by default.
2. Post-Quantum Signatures and Certificates
Digital signatures authenticate identities online. RSA and ECDSA signatures will be
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